Trastornos musculoesqueléticos y dolor asociados a exigencias laborales en pescadores de mediana escala de Yucalpetén, Yucatán, México / Musculoskeletal disorders and pain associated with demands work in medium-scale fishermen from Yucalpetén, Yucatán, México

Los pescadores suelen ejercer su actividad en altamar en condiciones precarias y sometidos a diversas exigencias de trabajo que con el tiempo derivan en diversos daños a la salud entre los que se encuentran los trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME), los cuales se reportan a nivel mundial, como la principal causa de discapacidad y jubilaciones anticipadas. Objetivo: Identificar las exigencias laborales, daños musculoesqueléticos y dolor asociados a la actividad laboral de los pescadores en Progreso, Yucatán, México, con la intención de visibilizar y generar evidencia empírica en materia laboral en trabajadores de este sector, ante la carencia de información, pese a que es una de las actividades más peligrosas en el mundo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, analítico y transversal. Participaron 134 pescadores a los que se les aplicó una encuesta individual, previo consentimiento informado. Las variables se analizaron y controlaron en el programa JMP versión 15, con un nivel de significancia menor a p<0.05 y un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Las principales exigencias que se señalan son posturas forzadas y movimientos repetitivos. Las zonas del cuerpo más afectadas, espalda, cintura y caderas (44%), miembros superiores (40%), inferiores (30%) y cuello (17%). Conclusión: Los resultados evidencian la relación de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos con las exigencias laborales. Se destaca la presencia de dolor en espalda baja, hombros y cuello. por lo que es necesario implementar programas de capacitación y evaluación ergonómica sobre posturas y cargas, así como programas de rehabilitación a corto plazo(AU)

Fishermen usually carry out their activity on the high seas in precarious conditions and subject to various work demands that over time lead to various health damages, among which are musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which are reported worldwide, such as the leading cause of disability and early retirement. Objective: Identify labor demands, musculoskeletal damages problems and pain associated with the work activity of fishermen in Progress, Yucatán, México, with the intention of making visible and generating empirical evidence on labor matters in workers in this sector, given the lack of information, despite the fact it is one of the most dangerous activities in the world. Materials y Methods: Descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study. 134 fishermen participated to whom an individual survey was applied, with prior informed consent. The variables were analyzed and controlled in the program JMP version 15, with a significance level of less than p<0.05 and a 95% confidence Interval. Results: The main demands that are pointed out are forced postures and repetitive movements. The most affected areas of the body: back, waist and hips (44%), upper limbs (40%) lower limbs (30%) and neck (17%). The results show the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders with work demands. Conclusions: The presence of pain in the lower back, shoulders and neck stands out. Therefore, it is necessary to implement ergonomic training and evaluation programs on postures and loads, as well as short-term rehabilitation programs(AU)

Factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in professionals working in sitting position / Fatores associados a sintomas osteomusculares em profissionais que trabalham sentados

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and analyze their associated factors in professionals from administrative sectors working predominantly in sitting position. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data obtained from 451 workers from a federal public institution in Southern Brazil. The dependent variable was the number of musculoskeletal symptoms in the prior 12 months, measured using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. In the analyses, 19 independent variables were investigated, divided into four categories: sociodemographic, behavioral, occupational and health characteristics. Univariate analysis and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance were performed. The independent variables were inserted into blocks with stepwise backward criterion, considering the value for Wald statistics equal to 0.20. The effect measures were expressed in a relative increase (RI) in the mean value, and the data were analyzed for a 5% significance level. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the prior 12 months was 90% (confidence interval - 95%CI 87-93). In the final model of regression analysis, the variables female gender (RI = 14.75%), low (RI = 100.02%) and moderate (RI = 64.06%) work ability index, use of medications (RI = 48.06%) and waist circumference at risk (RI = 15.59%) had a significant association with the increase in the mean number of symptoms; schooling with technical education acted as a protective factor, reducing the mean by 36.46%. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms found and the associated factors indicate the need to propose specific actions and care for this population, such as immediate treatment of symptoms and changes in the organization and work environment, to achieve balance and harmony in the demands of prolonged sitting work and avoid its impact effect of this condition on public health.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Estimar a prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares e analisar os fatores a eles associados em profissionais de setores administrativos que trabalham predominantemente na postura sentada. MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados obtidos de 451 trabalhadores de instituição pública federal na região Sul do país. A variável dependente foi o número de sintomas osteomusculares nos últimos 12 meses, aferido utilizando-se o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Foram investigadas 19 variáveis independentes, divididas em quatro categorias: características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, ocupacionais e de saúde. Foi realizada análise univariada e, na sequência, regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta. As variáveis independentes foram inseridas em blocos com critério backward stepwise, considerando o valor para estatística de Wald igual a 0,20. As medidas de efeito foram expressas em aumento relativo (AR) no valor médio, sendo os dados analisados para um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS A prevalência estimada de sintomas osteomusculares nos últimos 12 meses foi de 90% (intervalo de confiança - IC95% 87-93). No modelo final da análise de regressão, as variáveis sexo feminino (AR = 14,75%), índice de capacidade para o trabalho baixo (AR = 100,02%) e moderado (AR = 64,06%), uso de medicamentos (AR = 48,06%) e circunferência da cintura em risco (AR = 15,59%) tiveram associação significativa com o aumento da média de sintomas; já a escolaridade com ensino técnico atuou como fator de proteção, reduzindo a média em 36,46%. CONCLUSÕES A alta prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares encontrada e os fatores associados indicam a necessidade de propor ações e cuidados específicos para essa população, como tratamento imediato dos sintomas e mudanças na organização e no ambiente laboral, a fim de alcançar equilíbrio e harmonia nas exigências do trabalho sentado prolongado e evitar o impacto dessa condição na saúde pública.

Fatores associados com os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras em Saubara, Bahia, Brasil / Factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in artisanal fisherwomen/shellfish gatherers in Saubara, Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores associados com os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos (DME) em pescoço/ombro e membros superiores distais em pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras em Saubara, Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal realizado com 209 pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras. Foram utilizados para este estudo a versão brasileira do questionário de conteúdo do trabalho e do questionário nórdico e um questionário das demandas físicas para o trabalho. As análises multivariadas foram feitas de acordo com os principais fatores de risco para DME. Algumas demandas físicas agrupadas, nas etapas da coleta dos mariscos e na cata, se associaram, respectivamente, com DME em pescoço ou ombro [Razão de Prevalência - RP: 1,28 (IC95%: 1,09-1,49)] e DME em membros superiores distais [RP: 1,38 (IC95%: 1,05-1,83)], no modelo final ajustado. As RP ajustadas para DME em membros superiores distais foram de 1,26 (IC95%: 1,07-1,47), de acordo com as horas diárias dedicadas ao trabalho como marisqueira, e 0,74 (IC95%: 0,57-0,96) de acordo com o desenvolvimento de outro trabalho atualmente. O modo em que é desenvolvido o trabalho da marisqueira é importante para ocorrência dos DME.

Abstract This article aims to identify the factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the neck/shoulder and distal upper limb in artisanal fisher/shellfish gatherers in Saubara, Bahia, Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with shellfish gatherers. The Brazilian version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and a questionnaire containing physical demands adapted to the labour of shellfish gatherers were used in this study. Factor analysis was performed to aggregate the physical demands. Multivariate analyses were performed according to the risk factors for MSDs in the neck or shoulder and MSDs in the distal upper limb. For MSDs in the neck or shoulders, a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.28 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.09-1.49) was found, according to the aggregate physical demands. For MSDs in the distal upper limb, the PRs were as follows: 1.26 (95% CI: 1.07-1.47) according to the daily hours devoted to work as shellfish gatherers, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57-0.96) according to the development of other current work and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.05-1.83) according to the aggregate physical demands. The activities performed by shellfish gatherers contribute to the occurrence of MSDs.

Trastornos musculoesqueléticos del miembro superior en el Hospital Militar de Matanzas / Muscle skeletal dysfunctions of superior member in the Military Hospital of Matanzas

RESUMEN Introducción: Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos constituyen uno de los problemas más comunes relacionados con las enfermedades en el trabajo. Objetivo: caracterizar algunas variables clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con trastornos musculoesqueléticos del miembro superior atendidos en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Militar de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo, durante el primer semestre del año 2017. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, actividad laboral desarrollada, factores de riesgos ergonómicos, trastorno musculoesquelético diagnosticado, antecedentes de crisis similares anteriores y tiempo de incapacidad laboral relacionado con estas afecciones durante los últimos 12 meses. Resultados: el 59,4 % de los pacientes correspondieron al sexo femenino, la actividad laboral más afectada fue la de camareras y auxiliares de limpieza (18,9 %), la repetitividad estuvo presente como factor de riesgo en el 64,5 % de los pacientes y la epicondilitis afectó al 38,5 % de los mismos. El 60,4 % de los pacientes habían presentado crisis anteriores y el 72,9 % de ellos presentó incapacidad laboral. Conclusiones: predominó el sexo femenino, las actividades laborales más afectadas fueron las de limpieza, la repetitividad fue el principal factor de riesgo y la epicondilitis fue el diagnóstico que predominó. La mayor parte de los pacientes habían presentado crisis similares anteriores y períodos de incapacidad laboral relacionados con el trastorno musculoesquelético (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: The muscle skeletal dysfunctions constitute one of the more common problems related with the illnesses in the work. Objective: To characterize several clinical and epidemiologic variables of the patients with muscle skeletal dysfunctions of the superior member assisted in the Military Hospital of Matanzas. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was developed during the first semester of 2017 year. The studied variables were: developed labor activity, factors of ergonomic risks, muscle skeletal dysfunctions diagnosed, antecedents of previous similar crisis and time of labor inability related with these affections in the last 12 months. Results: 59,4 % of the patients corresponded to the female sex, the labor activity more affected was waitresses and auxiliary of cleaning (18,9 %), the repetitive were present as factor of risk in 64,5 % of the patients and the epicondylitis affected to 38,5 % of them. Conclusions: Predominated the female sex, the labor activities more affected were the cleaning, the repetitive was the main factor of risk and the epicondylitis was the diagnose that prevailed. Most of the patients had presented previous similar crisis and periods of labor inability related with muscle skeletal dysfunction (AU).

Musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal syndromes in adolescents are related to electronic devices / Dor musculoesquelética e síndromes musculoesqueléticas em adolescentes relacionadas a dispositivos eletrônicos

Abstract Objective: To evaluate television and simultaneous electronic devices use in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 299 healthy adolescents of a private school. All students completed a self-administered questionnaire, including: demographic data, physical activities, musculoskeletal pain symptoms, and use of simultaneous television/electronic devices (computer, internet, electronic games, and cell phones). Seven musculoskeletal pain syndromes were also evaluated: juvenile fibromyalgia, benign joint hypermobility syndrome, myofascial syndrome, tendinitis, bursitis, epicondylitis, and complex regional pain syndrome. Results: Inter-rater agreement between pretest and retest was 0.83. Musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndrome were found in 183/299 (61%) and 60/183 (33%), respectively. The median age (15 [10-18] vs. 14 [10-18] years, p = 0.032) and years of education (10 [5-12] vs. 9 [5-12] years, p = 0.011) were significantly higher in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain when compared with those without this condition. The frequencies of female gender (59% vs. 47%, p = 0.019), cell phone use (93% vs. 81%, p = 0.003), and simultaneous use of at least two electronic devices (80% vs. 67%, p = 0.011) were significantly higher in the former group. Further comparisons between adolescents with and without musculoskeletal pain syndromes revealed that the frequency of female gender was significantly higher in the former group (75% vs. 25%, p = 0.002), and with a significantly reduced median of weekends/holidays electronic games use (1.5 [0-10] vs. 3 [0-17] h/day, p = 0.006). Conclusions: A high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain/syndromes was observed in female adolescents. Musculoskeletal pain was mostly reported at a median age of 15 years, and students used at least two electronic devices. Reduced use of electronic games was associated with musculoskeletal pain syndromes.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de televisão e dispositivos eletrônicos em adolescentes com dor e síndromes musculoesqueléticas. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo transversal com 299 adolescentes saudáveis de uma escola particular. Todos os alunos responderam a um questionário autoaplicável, que incluiu perguntas sobre: dados demográficos, prática de atividade física, sintomas de dor musculoesquelética e o uso de televisão/dispositivos eletrônicos (computador, internet, jogos eletrônicos e celular). Sete síndromes musculoesqueléticas foram avaliadas: fibromialgia juvenil, síndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna, síndrome miofascial, tendinite, bursite, epicondilite e síndrome de dor regional complexa. Resultados: A concordância entre o pré-teste e reteste foi de 0,83. Dor musculoesquelética e síndromes musculoesqueléticas foram encontradas em 183/299 (61%) e 60/183 (33%), respectivamente. As medianas de idade [15 (10-18) versus 14 (10-18) anos, p = 0,032] e de anos de escolaridade [10 (5-12) vs. 9 (5-12) anos, p = 0,010] foram significantemente maiores em adolescentes com dor musculoesquelética em comparação com aqueles sem essa condição. As frequências do sexo feminino (59% versus 47% p = 0,019), uso do telefone celular (93% contra 81%, p = 0,003) e do uso simultâneo de pelo menos dois dispositivos eletrônicos (80% vs. 67%, p = 0,011) foram significantemente maiores no grupo de adolescentes com dor musculoesquelética. Comparações adicionais entre os adolescentes com e sem síndromes musculoesqueléticas revelaram que a frequência do sexo feminino foi significantemente maior no primeiro grupo (75% versus 25%, p = 0,002) e com mediana significantemente reduzida de horas de jogos eletrônicos nos fins de semana e feriados [1,5 (0-10) vs. 3 (0-17) horas/dia, p = 0,006]. Conclusões: Uma alta prevalência de dor/síndromes musculoesqueléticas foi observada em adolescentes do sexo feminino. A dor musculoesquelética foi predominantemente relatada entre alunos com mediana de idade de 15 anos e que usavam pelo menos dois dispositivos eletrônicos simultaneamente. O uso reduzido de jogos eletrônicos foi associado à presença de síndromes musculoesqueléticas.

Absenteísmo por distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em trabalhadores do Brasil: milhares de dias de trabalho perdidos / Absenteeism due to musculoskeletal disorders in Brazilian workers: thousands days missed at work

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever e analisar o absenteísmo dos trabalhadores do Brasil notificados com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, do período de 2007 a 2012. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, com dados retrospectivos e secundários. Os registros foram do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, que notifica trabalhadores em regime de previdência, bem como os informais. O período do estudo foi de seis anos. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, organizacionais do trabalho e específicas do agravo. Resultados: Foram aproximadamente 5 milhões de dias perdidos de trabalho, de 18.611 trabalhadores afastados e notificados com o agravo. Os grupos que mais se destacaram na análise foram os analfabetos, na faixa etária dos 50 aos 59 anos, com carga horária diária de trabalho acima de 6 horas, do grande grupo ocupacional 4, os CID-10 M50 e M51 e os trabalhadores com transtornos mentais. Conclusões: Elevado absenteísmo entre os trabalhadores com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, analfabetos, idade dos 50 aos 59 anos, trabalhadores de serviços administrativos, CID-10 M51 e trabalhadores com transtornos mentais. Há necessidade de traçar políticas públicas que contemplem o absenteísmo causado pelo agravo, a fim de reduzir a morbidade, bem como os prejuízos socioeconômicos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe and analyze the absenteeism of Brazilian workers notified with musculoskeletal disorders, from 2007 to 2012. Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study, including retrospective and secondary data. The records came from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, which notifies workers on a social security system, as well as informal workers. The study lasted for six years. We analyzed sociodemographic, work organization and injury variables. Results: There were approximately 5 million working days lost for 18,611 workers who were notified and removed from the position. The groups that stood out in the analysis were the illiterate people, in the age group of 50 to 59 years, with daily working hours higher than 6 hours, from the great occupational group 4, the ICD-10 M50 and M51, and workers with mental disorders. Conclusions: High absenteeism among workers with musculoskeletal disorders, illiterate, aged from 50 to 59 years, administrative service workers, ICD-10 M51 and workers with mental disorders. It is necessary to outline public policies that contemplate the absenteeism caused by the disease, in order to reduce morbidity, as well as the socioeconomic losses.

Artisanal fisherwomen/shellfish gatherers: analyzing the impact of upper limb functioning and disability on health-related quality of life / Pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras: análise do impacto da funcionalidade e incapacidade de membros superiores sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde

Abstract The aim is to analyze upper limb functioning and disability, and its association with health-related quality of life among artisanal fisherwomen from Bahia, Brazil. Cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with a sample of 209 fisherwomen. Structured questionnaires were used for socio-demographic and comorbidity information, as well as the instruments Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Short-Form Healthy Survey (SF-36) respectively, to evaluate the upper limbs and health-related quality of life. The results demonstrated that the presence of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs directly affects the values of the DASH instrument and the SF-36v01 questionnaire scores, while also generating a negative correlation between the DASH and SF-36v01. The varying functioning abilities, pain and social aspects negatively affect upper limb function, and the daily activities and work of fisherwomen. The presence of chronic disease and the absence of intervention and rehabilitation for these professionals, that could produces, in a long-term, cases of disability.

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a incapacidade e a funcionalidade de membros superiores e verificar sua associação com a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde de pescadoras artesanais da Bahia, Brasil. Estudo epidemiológico, de corte transversal, envolvendo uma amostra de 209 pescadoras artesanais. Foram utilizados questionários estruturados para informações sociodemográficas e comorbidades e os instrumentos Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) e Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Healthy Survey (SF-36), para, respectivamente, avaliação dos membros superiores e qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a presença de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos (DME) em membros superiores afeta diretamente os valores do instrumento DASH e os escores do SF-36v01, bem como a correlação negativa encontrada entre o DASH e os domínios do SF-36v01. As variáveis capacidade funcional, dor e aspectos sociais afetam negativamente a funcionalidade de membros superiores e as atividades do cotidiano e do trabalho de pescadoras artesanais. A presença de doença crônica e a ausência de intervenção e reabilitação desses profissionais geram, a longo prazo, casos de incapacidade.

Análise da capacidade no trabalho e estresse entre profissionais de enfermagem com distúrbios osteomusculares / Análisis de la capacidad en el trabajo y estrés entre profesionales de enfermería con trastornos musculoesqueléticos / Analysis of work capacity and stress among nursing professionals with musculoskeletal disorders

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar os aspectos sociodemográficos, capacidade no trabalho e o estresse dos trabalhadores de enfermagem acometidos por distúrbios osteomusculares e analisar a associação entre comorbidades osteomusculares, capacidade, estresse e o apoio social. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado em dois hospitais de Manaus. Utilizou-se o Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho e o Job Stress Scale, traduzidos e validados, em trabalhadores há mais de um ano na enfermagem, com dor osteomuscular nos últimos três meses, de duração mínima de duas horas. Resultados O estudo apresentou maioria de mulheres e técnicos, com idade de 42 ± 10,7 anos, sendo a capacidade moderada (34,7 ± 5,11) associada às comorbidades osteomusculares. O estresse acometeu 56% e a capacidade correlacionou-se fraca e inversa ao estresse e direta ao apoio social. Conclusões Houve predomínio de mulheres e técnicos, sendo que as dores osteomusculares foram associadas a uma diminuição da capacidade. O apoio social associou-se ao aumento da capacidade e diminuição do estresse.

RESUMEN Objectivo Caracterizar los aspectos sociodemográficos, capacidad en el trabajo y el estrés de los trabajadores de enfermería acometidos por trastornos musculoesqueléticos y analizar la asociación entre comorbilidades musculoesqueléticas, capacidad, estrés y apoyo social. Métodos Estudio transversal, realizado en dos hospitales de Manaus. Se utilizó el Índice de Capacidad para el Trabajo y el Job Stress Scale, traducidos y validados, en trabajadores desde hace más de un año en la enfermería, con dolor musculoesquelético en los últimos tres meses, de una duración mínima de dos horas. Resultados El estudio presentó la mayoría de mujeres y técnicos, con edad de 42 ± 10,7 años, siendo la capacidad moderada (34,7 ± 5,11) asociada a las comorbilidades musculoesqueléticas. El estrés acomete 56% y la capacidad se correlacionó débil e inversamente al estrés y directa al apoyo social. Conclusiones Predominio de mujeres y técnicos, siendo que los dolores musculoesqueléticos se asociaron a una disminución de la capacidad. El apoyo social se asoció al aumento de la capacidad y disminución del estrés.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the sociodemographic aspects, work capacity and stress of nursing workers affected by musculoskeletal disorders and to analyze the association between musculoskeletal comorbidities, capacity, stress and social support. Methods Cross-sectional study, conducted in two hospitals in Manaus. The Work Capacity Index and the Job Stress Scale were used, translated and validated in nursing workers for more than one year, with musculoskeletal pain in the last three months, with a minimum duration of two hours. Results The study had a majority of women and technicians, aged 42 ± 10.7 years, with moderate capacity (34.7 ± 5.11) associated with musculoskeletal comorbidities. The stress affected 56% and the capacity correlated weak and inverse to stress and direct to the social support. Conclusions There was a predominance of women and technicians, and musculoskeletal pain was associated with a decrease in capacity. Social support was associated with increased capacity and decreased stress.

Factor associated with self-reported work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Brazilian adults / Fatores associados a distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho autorreferidos em adultos brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) and analyze the factors associated with this outcome in the Brazilian population. METHODS In this cross-sectional, population-based study, we use data from the National Survey on Health (PNS) of 2013. The sample was composed of 60,202 Brazilians aged 18 years or older. The outcome variable was the occurrence of self-reported WMSD. Sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, personal resources, and health conditions were investigated as explanatory variables. Analyses were performed with the software Stata 12.0 and considered the weighting imposed by the sampling design of the study. Then, univariate and multivariate binary logistic models were carried out, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS The results obtained indicated that the prevalence of WMSD in the Brazilian population was of 2.5%, ranging from 0.2% (Acre) to 4.2% (Santa Catarina). The factors associated with a greater chance of occurrence of WMSD were: female sex (OR = 2.33; 95%CI 1.72–3.15); be temporarily away from work (OR = 2.44; 95%CI 1.41–4.23); be exposed to noise at the workplace (OR = 2.16; 95%CI 1.68–2.77); seniority equal to or greater than 4.5 years at the current job (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.09–1.72); participate in volunteer work (OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.25–2.17); report medical diagnosis of arthritis or rheumatism (OR = 2.40; 95%CI 1.68–3.44); and depression (OR = 2.48; 95%CI 1.86–3.31). On the other hand, factors associated with less chance of WMSD were: not having a partner (OR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.37–0.71) and working in an open environment (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.37–0.71). CONCLUSIONS The associated factors and the prevalence found indicate regional and gender differences. Special attention to comorbidities and environmental noise monitoring would benefit the health of workers in the Country.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a prevalência de distúrbio osteomuscular relacionado ao trabalho (Dort) e analisar os fatores associados com esse desfecho na população brasileira. MÉTODOS Neste estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizamos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A amostra foi composta por 60.202 brasileiros com 18 anos ou mais de idade. A variável desfecho foi a ocorrência de Dort autorreferida. Como variáveis explicativas, foram investigadas características sociodemográficas, ocupacionais, recursos pessoais e condições de saúde. As análises foram realizadas com o software Stata 12.0 e levaram em consideração as ponderações impostas pelo delineamento amostral do estudo. Foi realizado, então, um modelo logístico binário uni e multivariado, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a prevalência de Dort na população brasileira foi de 2,5%, variando de 0,2% (Acre) a 4,2% (Santa Catarina). Os fatores associados à maior chance de ocorrência de Dort foram: sexo feminino (OR = 2,33; IC95% 1,72–3,15); estar afastado temporariamente do trabalho (OR = 2,44; IC95% 1,41–4,23); estar exposto a ruído no local de trabalho (OR = 2,16; IC95% 1,68–2,77); antiguidade igual ou superior a 4,5 anos no trabalho atual (OR = 1,37; IC95% 1,09–1,72); participar de trabalho voluntário (OR = 1,65; IC95% 1,25–2,17); relatar diagnóstico médico de artrite ou reumatismo (OR = 2,40; IC95% 1,68–3,44) e de depressão (OR = 2,48; IC95% 1,86–3,31). Por outro lado, foram associados à menor chance de diagnóstico de Dort: não ter parceiro (OR = 0,73; IC95% 0,37–0,71) e trabalhar em ambiente aberto (OR = 0,51; IC95% 0,37–0,71). CONCLUSÕES Os fatores associados e a prevalência encontrada indicam diferenças regionais e de gênero. Especial atenção às comorbidades e monitoramento do ruído ambiental beneficiariam a saúde dos trabalhadores no país.

Obesity and its Association with Food Consumption, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly / Obesidade em Idosos e sua Associação com Consumo Alimentar, Diabetes Mellitus e Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio

Abstract Background: Obesity affects a large part of elderly individuals worldwide and is considered a risk predictor for the development of chronic diseases such as cardiac diseases, the leading causes of death in the elderly population. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors, with emphasis on the occurrence of other diseases and on food consumption in elderly individuals treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Methods: Cross-sectional sampling study performed in the city of Goiânia (Brazil) including elderly individuals (≥ 60 years) receiving primary care. During home visits, we performed anthropometric measurements and applied a structured, standardized, and pre-tested questionnaire assessing socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions, occurrence of diseases, and food consumption. We performed multiple Poisson regression analysis using a hierarchical model and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: We evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 ± 7 years. Their body mass indices had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m2 and were higher in women than in men (27.4 kg/m2 versus 26.1 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.017). Obesity had a prevalence of 49.0%, a risk 1.87 times higher between the ages of 60-69 years and 70-79 years, and a rate 1.4 times higher among individuals with more than four morbidities. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were age 60-69 and 70-79 years, inadequate consumption of whole-wheat grains and adequate consumption of fruit, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Obesity had a high prevalence in the evaluated elderly population and was associated with food consumption, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.

Resumo Fundamento: A obesidade atinge uma grande parcela de idosos em todo o mundo e é considerada preditora de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, como as doenças cardíacas, as principais causas de óbito na população idosa. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de obesidade e fatores associados, com ênfase na presença de outras doenças e no consumo alimentar, em idosos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Estudo transversal, por amostragem, realizado no município de Goiânia, Brasil. Foram incluídos idosos (≥ 60 anos) atendidos na rede de atenção básica. Durante visitas domiciliares, foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e aplicação de questionário estruturado, padronizado e pré-testado sobre condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, estilo de vida, presença de doenças e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se regressão de Poisson múltipla a partir de um modelo hierárquico, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 418 idosos com idade média de 70,7 ± 7 anos. O índice de massa corporal apresentou um valor médio de 27,0 kg/m2 e esteve mais elevado nas mulheres do que nos homens (27,4 kg/m2 x 26,1 kg/m2, respectivamente, p = 0,017). A obesidade teve prevalência de 49,0%, risco 1,87 vezes maior entre as idades de 60-69 anos e 70-79 anos, e taxa 1,4 vezes maior nos indivíduos com mais de quatro morbidades. Em análise multivariada, os fatores associados à obesidade foram idade de 60-69 e 70-79 anos, consumo inadequado de cereais integrais e adequado de frutas, doenças osteomusculares, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Conclusões: A obesidade teve elevada prevalência na população idosa estudada e esteve associada com consumo alimentar, doença osteomuscular, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Condicionantes de género, empleo y trabajo y su posible vínculo con afecciones y dolencias musculoesqueléticas y psicosociales de temporeras frutícolas de packing agroindustrial de la Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile / Determinants of gender, employment and working and their possible link with and musculoskeletal and psychosocial complaints and diseases of fruit temporary workers of the agro-industrial in Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region, Chile

El trabajo de temporera de packing representa una pieza fundamental en la creciente agro-exportación chilena; sin embargo, el daño físico y psicosocial que sufren estas trabajadoras es observado en el largo plazo, lo cual hace que las actuales medidas que buscan protegerlas resulten insuficientes. El objetivo de esta investigación es detectar y relacionar posibles causas de dolencias musculoesqueléticas y psicosociales de las temporeras a partir de una perspectiva global que integra: género, condicionantes de trabajo y empleo. La metodología para detectar y medir factores de riesgo asociados al trabajo temporero se diseñó a partir de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas a 132 temporeras de empresas agroindustriales con más de 200 trabajadores de la VI región. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las exigencias en trabajo de packing, más las exigencias propias por condición de mujer, son aspectos que deterioran la salud física y mental de las trabajadoras. Las conclusiones y discusiones derivaron en la necesidad de buscar mecanismos que hagan conciliar salud y calidad de vida de temporeras frente a la necesidad de productividad de la empresa, dado que las actuales condiciones de trabajo y empleo se levantan mayormente a partir del fomento productivo empresarial.

Female temporary packing workers play a key role in the growing agro-export business in Chile. Yet, the physical and psychosocial damage suffered by those workers can be observed in the long term. This very fact proves the current measurements that seek to protect them to be insufficient. This research aims at identifying possible causes of musculoskeletal and psychosocial diseases of the temporary workers from a global perspective that seeks to integrate issues of gender, as well as of labour and employment conditions, putting them in connection to those causes. The methodology for detecting and measuring those risk factors associated to temporary job was designed after conducting interviews and surveys to one hundred and thirty two (132) temporary agribusiness companies with more than two hundred (200) workers in the province of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. The obtained results suggest that the specific requirements of the packing job, in addition to the specific requirements of the gender, have an active role in the spoil of both physical and mental health of female temporary workers. The conclusions drawn from these results point to the need for finding mechanisms to reconcile health and well-being criteria related to the workers, and productivity criteria related to the business; since the current conditions of employment are mostly raised in view to the corporate productive model of development.

Factores asociados a lesiones músculo-esqueléticas por carga en trabajadores hospitalarios de la ciudad de Torreón, Coahuila, México / Musculoskeletal lesions while lifting-related factors in workers at 3 hospitals in Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico

OBJETIVO. Identificar factores asociados en la aparición de lesiones músculo-esqueléticas por carga en trabajadores hospitalarios. MÉTODOS. Se aplicó el cuestionario estandarizado nórdico de sintomatologías músculo-esqueléticas con corte transversal que evaluó la frecuencia y factores asociados para las lesiones músculo-esqueléticas en 48 trabajadores. RESULTADOS. La media de edad en hombres fue de 29,1+6,7 y en mujeres 26,5+6,9. El turno matutino tiene mayor actividad laboral. El 43,75% eran paramédicos y el 22,92% enfermeras. La espalda fue la región más afectada en los camilleros y paramédicos; mientras que enfermería reportó más dolor en pies y piernas. Se presentaron correlaciones significativas entre la antigüedad y los días que se presenta el dolor en la región anatómica. El 81,9% no usa equipo de protección contra lesiones en espalda. El 91,67% refirió capacitación previa para desarrollar actividades de cargas dentro del hospital. CONCLUSIONES. Consideramos la importancia de la higiene ocupacional en las actividades hospitalarias y la capacitación del uso del equipo de protección personal en las actividades laborales que se realizan, la falta de uso puede ser uno de los factores determinantes para el incremento en los días con dolor en alguna región anatómica cuando incrementan los años laborables, principalmente lo que corresponde a espalda alta y baja.

OBJECTIVE: To identify musculoskeletal lesions while lifting-related factors in hospital workers and lifting. METHODS: A transversal study was carried out evaluating the prevalence and associated factors to musculoskeletal lesions in 48 workers, using the Nordic Standardized Questionnaire of musculoskeletal symptoms. RESULTS: The mean age was 29.1+6.7 for males and 26.5+6.9 for females. The morning shift had greater activity, Paramedics accounted for the 43.75% and nurses for the 22.92%. Back pain was the most reported symptom among paramedics and auxiliary personnel; nurses reported feet and legs pain. Significant correlations were observed between seniority and the days with pain in the different anatomical regions. 81.9% of the workers do not use safety equipment against back injuries, and 91.67% stated receiving previous training course on lifting activities within the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated the importance of occupational hygiene within the hospital activities, as well as training of personal safety equipment. The lack of such may be a determining factor that increases days in pain in specific anatomic regions as the working years go by, particularly those pertaining to both upper and lower back.

Trastornos osteomusculares en auxiliares de enfermería en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Musculoskeletal disorders in auxiliary nursing in intensive care unit

Introducción: Los trastornos osteomusculares representan un problema importante en los países en desarrollo por sus altos costos económicos y son reconocidos como una causa importante de ausentismo laboral e incapacidad. Objetivos: Identificar la aparición de trastornos osteomusculares en auxiliares de enfermería que trabajan en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se tomó una muestra 86 auxiliares de enfermería. Se aplicó un cuestionario con 24 preguntas, dentro de un enfoque ergonómico, adaptado a partir del cuestionario Nórdico de Síntomas osteomusculares. Los datos se procesaron en Epi Info 7. Resultados: Se encontró que las auxiliares de enfermería de la unidad de cuidados intensivos presentaron una alta prevalencia de sintomatología osteo-muscular (79%), las partes más afectadas fueron la espalda inferior (24,5%), y la espalda superior (17,5 %). La mayoría de las auxiliares ha recibido incapacidad médica por esta causa (65%). Conclusiones: Las altas demandas laborales en las unidades de cuidados intensivos generan la aparición de trastornos osteomusculares en las auxiliares de enfermería.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders represent major problems in developing countries because of their high economic costs and are recognized as a major cause of work absenteeism and disability. Objective: identify the onset of skeletal muscle symptoms in nursing assistants working in the intensive care unit. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. A nursing auxiliary 86 sample was taken. A questionnaire with 24 questions, within an ergonomic approach, adapted from the symptoms of Nordic questionnaire musculoskeletal. The data were processed in Epiinfo 3.3.2. Results: found that the auxiliary nurses in the intensive care unit have a high prevalence of symptoms of musculoskeletal (79%), the most affected part was the lower back (24.5%), and upper back (17.5%). Most of the assistants has received medical disability for this cause (65%). Conclusions: The high labor demands in intensive care units generate the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders in nursing assistants.

Prevalência dos distúrbios musculoesqueléticos nos membros superiores e pescoço em pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras em saubara, Bahia, Brasil / Prevalence of neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in artisan fisherwomen/shellfish gatherers in saubara, Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Em uma pesquisa, realizada em uma comunidade de pescadores artesanais, verificouse que dentre as principais queixas de saúde encontravam-se aquelas relacionadas aos distúrbios musculoesqueléticos atribuídos às condições do trabalho. O presente artigo identificou a prevalência dos distúrbios musculoesqueléticos (DME) em pescoço/ombro e membros superiores distais em pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras em Saubara, Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal realizado com 209 pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras. Foram utilizados para este estudo a versão brasileira do Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) e do Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) e um questionário contendo as demandas físicas adaptadas para o trabalho da marisqueira. Os valores encontrados para DME em algum segmento do corpo, pescoço ou ombro e membros superiores distais foram 94,7%, 71,3% e 70,3%, respectivamente. Foi observado que as marisqueiras realizam longas jornadas de trabalho, mesmo com altas prevalências de DME. Verificou-se que dentre os fatores determinantes da permanência destas pessoas nesta atividade está a necessidade de obtenção do sustento e da segurança alimentar da suas famílias com a venda e o consumo do marisco.

Abstract This study was conducted in an artisanal fishing community. The main health complaints included musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) attributable to working conditions. The present work found a prevalence of neck and distal upper limb MSD among the artisan fisherwomen/shellfish gatherers in Saubara, Bahia, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional cohort epidemiological study involving 209 artisanal fisherwomen/shellfish gatherers. The Brazilian version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and a survey listing physical demands adapted to shellfish gathering were used for the study. The MSD values obtained in some part of the body, neck or shoulder, and distal upper limb were 94.7%, 71.3% and 70.3%, respectively. The shellfish gatherers were found to work long shifts despite the high prevalence of MSD. The factors that cause these women to keep performing such activities include the need to make a living and provide food for their families through the sale and consumption of seafood.

Aptidão física e trabalho físico pesado: como interagem para a ocorrência de distúrbio musculoesquelético? / How do physical fitness and heavy physical work interact in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders? / Aptitud física y trabajo físico pesado: ¿cómo interactúan entre sí para la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos?

Estudo transversal com 577 trabalhadores investigou associação entre aptidão física autopercebida e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em pescoço, ombro ou parte alta das costas, em trabalhadores de 14 indústrias de plástico, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. A aptidão física autopercebida foi avaliada em escala de 0-5 pontos. Caso de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos: dor nos últimos 12 meses, superior a uma semana ou frequência mensal, restringindo o trabalho, ou provocando assistência médica, ou gravidade 3 ou maior, em escala de 0-5. A regressão logística investigou interação entre aptidão física e demanda física no trabalho para ocorrência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. Precária aptidão física resultou em 3,19 vezes a chance de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, mas apenas entre aqueles submetidos a baixa demanda física no trabalho. Entre expostos a alta demanda física no trabalho, boa aptidão física não foi fator de proteção para distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, ou seja, trabalho físico pesado está associado a alta prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, mesmo quando trabalhadores referem boa aptidão física. Apesar da importância da boa aptidão física, programas de atividade física não devem substituir intervenções nas condições de trabalho.

A cross-sectional study investigated the association between self-reported physical fitness and musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulder, or upper back among workers in 14 plastics factories in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Physical fitness was assessed on a scale from 0 to 5. Cases were defined as self-reported pain in the previous 12 months, lasting more than a week or having monthly minimum frequency, with restrictions at work or seeking medical care, or where respondents’ severity was greater than 2 (on a scale from 0 to 5). Logistic regression was performed to investigate statistical interaction between physical fitness and physical demands from work in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. Precarious physical fitness resulted in 3.19 times greater odds of musculoskeletal disorders among workers exposed to light physical demands on the job. Among workers exposed to heavy physical demands, physical fitness failed to protect against musculoskeletal disorders. Heavy physical work was always associated with high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Despite the importance of physical fitness, physical exercise programs should not be used to replace improvements in working conditions.

Este estudio transversal con 577 trabajadores investigó la asociación entre aptitud física autopercibida y trastornos musculoesqueléticos en cuello, hombro o parte alta de la espalda, en trabajadores de 14 industrias de plástico, en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. La aptitud física fue evaluada en una escala de 0 a 5 puntos. Los casos de disturbios musculoesqueléticos: dolor en los últimos 12 meses, duración de más de una semana o incidencia mensual con restricción al trabajo o buscar asistencia médica, o gravedad 3 o mayor, en escala de 0 a 5. La regresión logística investigó la interacción entre aptitud física y demanda física en el trabajo para la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos. La precaria aptitud física evidenció en 3,19 veces la posibilidad de trastornos musculoesqueléticos, pero sólo entre aquellos sometidos a una baja demanda física. Entre los expuestos a una alta demanda física, una buena aptitud física no fue un factor de protección para los trastornos musculoesqueléticos, o sea, el trabajo físico pesado se asocia con una alta prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos, aún cuando trabajadores refieren una buena aptitud física. Programas de actividad física no deben sustituir intervenciones en las condiciones de trabajo.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in hospital nurse technicians and licensed practical nurses: associations with demographic factors

Objective : This cross-sectional study aimed at analyzing: 1. the main musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) presented by hospital nursing workers and; 2. personal, occupational, and health factors related to MSS among them. Method : Two questionnaires were filled in by 245 nurse technicians (NTs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) (response rate 95%) associated with direct patient care sectors from a hospital. These questionnaires were: the standardized version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and one including questions on 15 demographic independent variables potentially related to outcomes from the NMQ. Univariate analyses and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify which variables would explain the occurrence of MSS in different body regions. Results: The low back (57%), shoulder (52%), and neck (48%) were identified as the most affected regions. The logistic regression analysis showed that low back symptoms in the last 12 months were significantly associated with LPN activities (OR=2.36; CI=1.24-4.5) and previous sick leave due to MSS (OR=5.97; CI=1.2-29.1). Smoking was significantly associated with symptoms in the low back (OR=2.77; CI=1.13-6.8) and thoracic spine (OR=2.37; CI=1.04-5.40). Physical exercise showed a protective effect on the cervical spine (OR=0.42; CI=0.23-0.77). Previous sick leave was significantly associated with pain in the knees (OR=4.24; CI=1.33-13.5) and in the upper limbs (OR=5.36; CI=1.07-26.7). Conclusions: The nursing workers who were evaluated presented a high prevalence of MSS. Previous history of sick leave was strongly associated with the presence of symptoms in various body regions. These results indicate the need for preventive programs in the hospital environment in order to control more severe MSS in nursing professionals. .

Incapacidade laboral entre trabalhadores do ramo Correios: incidência, duração e despesa previdenciária em 2008 / Work-related disability among postal employees: incidence, duration, and social security costs in 2008 / Incapacidad laboral entre los trabajadores de Correos: incidencia, duración y gastos en pensiones durante 2008

Analisou-se o perfil dos trabalhadores do ramo de atividade Correios que receberam benefícios auxílio-doença, no Brasil, em 2008. Os dados originaram-se do Sistema Único de Benefícios (SUB) e do Cadastro Nacional de Informações Sociais (CNIS). A incidência foi de 556,5 benefícios por 10 mil empregados, e as principais causas de afastamento foram traumatismos, doenças osteomusculares e transtornos mentais. Locais de traumas mais notificados foram joelho e perna, punho e mão, tornozelo e pé, ombro e braço, com as maiores incidências em homens. Mulheres foram as mais acometidas por doenças osteomusculares e transtornos mentais. A duração do auxílio-doença foi maior entre homens, havendo aumento da incidência de benefícios com o envelhecimento. Os estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Santa Catarina foram os de maiores incidências, e a despesa previdenciária foi de R$ 1.847,00. É possível que a atividade postal apresente riscos adicionais de acidentes em extremidades devido ao excesso de peso carregado por longas distâncias, risco de assaltos ou de acidente por mordedura de cães.

This study analyzed the characteristics of Brazilian postal workers that received sick leave benefits in 2008. The databases were from the Unified Benefits System (SUB) and the National Registry of Social Information (CNIS). The incidence rate was 556.5 benefits per 10,000 employees, and the leading causes of work-related sick leave were injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, and mental disorders. Areas most frequently reported in injuries were knees and legs, wrists and hands, ankles and feet, and shoulders and arms, with higher incidence rates in men. Women were more affected by musculoskeletal disorders and mental disorders. Average sick leave lasted longer in men, and the incidence of benefits increased with age. The States with the highest incidence rates were Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, and Santa Catarina, and security benefits averaged BRL 1,847.00. Postal work may involve additional risk of injuries to the limbs, due to the long distances carrying heavy weight, assault, and dog bites.

Se analizó el perfil de los trabajadores de Correos en Brasil que recibieron subsidios por enfermedad en 2008. Los datos proceden de las bases de datos del Sistema Único de Beneficios y del Registro Nacional de Información Social. La incidencia fue de 556,5 subsidios de enfermedad por cada 10.000 empleados y las principales causas de solicitud fueron las lesiones, las enfermedades musculoesqueléticas y los trastornos mentales. Las partes del cuerpo, cuyas lesiones fueron más comunes, eran: la rodilla y la pierna, la muñeca y la mano, el pie y el tobillo, el hombro y el brazo, con mayor incidencia en los hombres. Las mujeres fueron las más afectadas por las enfermedades osteomusculares y los trastornos mentales. La duración del subsidio de enfermedad fue mayor en los hombres y hubo un aumento de la incidencia de este subsidio con el envejecimiento. El gasto en pensiones fue de R$ 1.847,00 y los estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás y Santa Catarina fueron los de más alta incidencia. Es posible que la actividad postal presente riesgos adicionales de accidentes en las extremidades.

Tiempo libre y trabajo doméstico en su relación con daños psicosociales en docentes de una universidad pública mexicana / Leisure time and household work and their relationship to psychosocial health effects in teachers at a Mexican Public University

Estudio de la salud en el trabajo en docentes de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, considerando ciertas condiciones relacionadas con el uso del tiempo libre y el trabajo doméstico que pueden asociarse tanto positiva como negativamente con el bienestar y la salud. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico en una población académica. Se aplicó una encuesta individual a una población académica seleccionada aleatoriamente, participando 199 docentes universitarios, se exploraron las exigencias laborales, actividades domésticas y el uso del tiempo libre, así como daños en la salud. Resultados: Hay mayores exigencias laborales, tareas domésticas y trastornos en la mujer. Los daños a la salud muestran las siguientes tasas de prevalencia para mujeres y hombres: músculo-esqueléticos 51 vs 29; distrés 50 vs 35; Disfonía 48 vs 31 y trastorno del sueño 41 vs 25, respectivamente, asociadas estadísticamente. Se identificaron mediante análisis de cluster efectos positivos a través de la cercanía estrecha de conglomerados que dieron cuenta del desarrollo de manera sostenida de actividades durante el tiempo libre y la ausencia de trastornos en la salud. Conclusiones: Se recomienda una mayor organización de las actividades laborales que permitan un uso más activo del tiempo libre, debiendo enfatizar la realización del ejercicio físico, que resultó ser el principal elemento protector contra trastornos en la salud física y mental.

Objectives: To conduct an occupational health study of teaching staff at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco. The study considers conditions relating to use of leisure time and house-hold work which can be associated both positively and negatively with well-being and health. Materials and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study of an academic population. A survey was applied to a single randomly selected academic population. The participants were 199 university teaching staff. The survey asked about work demands, household activities and the use of leisure time, and adverse health effects. Results: More household tasks and work demands, and more adverse health effects, were found in women. Prevalence rates for statistically associated adverse health effects in women and men respectively were: musculoskeletal disorders 51 vs 29; stress 50 vs 35; dysphonia 48 vs 31; and sleep disorders 41 vs 25. Positive effects were identified by means of cluster analysis by the close proximity of clusters showing sustained activities carried out during leisure time and the absence of adverse health effects. Conclusions: Better organization of work activities to enable more active usage of leisure time is recommended, with an emphasis on physical activity, which is the main protective measure against harm to physical and mental health.

High and specialty-related musculoskeletal disorders afflict dental professionals even since early training years

OBJECTIVE: To determine how early musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) develop in dental professionals and to explore the potential differences among distinct dental specialties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 271 dental postgraduates majoring in five dental specialties were recruited, i.e., orthodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics, periodontics and alveolar surgery. 254 age-matched non-dental postgraduates served as the control. The standardized Nordic questionnaire on MSDs and a self-report questionnaire regarding correlative factors (only for dental postgraduates) were answered through emails. Reliability of responses was assessed applying test-retest method. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient of participants' answers ranged from 0.89 to 0.96. Dental postgraduates had significantly higher prevalence of MSDs than the control group, especially at neck, upper back and lower back. In all dental specialties included, high prevalence of MSDs was reported at neck (47.5%-69.8%), shoulders (50.8%-65.1%), lower back (27.1%-51.2%) and upper back (25.6%-46.5%), with lower prevalence at elbows (5.1%-18.6%), hips (3.4%-16.3%) and ankles (5.1%-11.6%). Periodontics students reported the worst MSDs in most body regions except wrists and knees, which were more prevalent for prosthodontic and alveolar surgery students, respectively. Furthermore, year of clinical work, clinical hours per week and desk hours per week were found as risk factors for MSDs, whereas physical exercise and rest between patients as protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: High and specialty-related MSDs afflict dental professionals even since very early stage of careers. Prevention aimed at the specialty-related characteristics and the risk/protective factors revealed in this study should be introduced to dental personnel as early as possible. .

Riesgos laborales en trabajadores de barberías y peluquerías de economía informal: Caracas, Venezuela / Occupational hazards in barbershops and hairdressers workers of informal economy: Caracas, Venezuela

En Venezuela el sector informal de barberías y peluquerías constituye una fuente de absorción de mano de obra desocupada, que tiene algunas ventajas respecto a ingresos y flexibilización laboral, pero por otro lado es un sector desprotegido y con accesos limitados o nulos a servicios de seguridad y salud laboral, lo que dificulta la inclusión en programas de prevención de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades ocupacionales. En este estudio observacional transversal y descriptivo se aplicó "la encuesta de las condiciones de trabajo y salud en América Latina del Center for International Health" y se analizaron las actividades de 40 trabajadores de barberías y peluquerías: 50% del género masculino y 50% femenino, 85% con edades comprendidas entre 20-49 años. De ellos, 65% manipulaban productos químicos, 62,5% utilizaban el secador y/o máquina de afeitar, 87,5% habían sufrido al menos una lesión en su área de trabajo y 100% refirió adoptar bipedestación prolongada, hacer movimientos repetitivos y presentar algún tipo de trastorno músculo-esquelético, cuyos síntomas más frecuentes fueron dorsalgias y lumbalgias con 37,5% y 32,5% respectivamente. Por otro lado, las várices en miembros inferiores fueron la segunda causa de morbilidad reportada.

Some of the barbershops and hair saloons -belonging to the informal sector- are a source of employment which takes in unoccupied work force. This workers have some advantages concerning to income and work flexibility, but in the other hand it is an unprotected sector with limited or nonexistent access to Occupational, Safety and Health services. This situation makes difficult to include them in labor accident occupational disease prevention programs. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in which 40 barbershop and hair saloon workers were surveyed. Their activities were analyzed, employing the "survey of work and health conditions in Latin America of the Center for International Health". Of these workers, 50% were male and 50% female, and 85% were between 20 to 49 years old. 65% used chemical products, 62,5% used hair dryers and/or shaving machines, 87,5% had suffered some form of workplace injury, and all of them admitted to have adopted prolonged standing postures, to make repetitive movements, suffering at least from any musculoskeletal disorder. The second disease reported were varicose veins.